THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 225 



Therefore employers, notably American engineers, distinguish 

 very clearly between the first-class workman, who studies and 

 rectifies faults in his movements and the second-rate workman 

 who entirely lacks this perspicacity^ 1 ) 



This distinction is necessary, because only the men of the first 

 category are capable of considerably increasing their work and 

 hence deserve to be well paid. 



162. Morphological and Dynamic Influences. A classification 

 of human types can be made on the basis of the development 

 and the structure of the body, with regard to aptitude for activity, 

 requiring either strength or speed. On this basis rests the new 

 science of dynamic morphology, which treats of the possible 

 relations between the plastic and functional aspects of the human 

 body. It does not deal with differences of temperaments, a very 

 vague subject, but with the predominance o this or that physiolo- 

 gical function. One man may be of the digestive type, eating 

 much and working slowly but for a long time ; another of the 

 muscular type, that is to say, able to bring into a play a consider- 

 able force, never of very long duration ; a third belongs to the 

 respiratory type, which offers the advantage of being able to keep 

 up a relatively large effort for a long time ; finally there exists 

 a nervous type, which, by his power of rapidly initiating move- 

 ments, works with economy. 



There is no doubt that each of the above four types of men is 

 suited to a certain form of activity more than to any other. 

 Everyone has noticed that dockers, navvies, and others who do 

 laborious work, do it without haste, as a rule, but also almost 

 without respite ; this class of men must be abundantly fed. 

 The Americans (Taylor), to distinguish them, called them the 

 " bovine " type. Their appearance is robust, the limbs of 

 average length, or short, but thick and strong, with solid and 

 massive joints ; the chest is wide, the legs well apart, forming a 

 good basis of support. Nevertheless, this digestive type is not 

 very muscular. If his muscL s develop, he passes into the mus- 

 cular type, but the gain in " power " is less than the loss in con- 

 tinuity of action. This is why wrestlers with highly-developed 

 muscles are bad workers. 



The digestive type can also have long limbs which allow him 

 to perform movements of great amplitude. The runners of the 

 East cover very long distances with a long and rapid stride, 

 without resting. For carrying small weights constantly, such 

 men have a big yield. 



The man of icspiiatory type is more like the nervous type than 

 the preceding ; he can undertake work of a certain duration, and 



(*) Gilbreth, Motion Study. 



