INDUSTRIAL LABOUR 397 



On the other hand Marey (*) and his followers devoted all their 

 attention to graphical methods, for the complete registration 

 of muscular efforts. Braune and Fischer confined their attention 

 to the phenomena of locomotion ; Imbert and Amar dealt with 

 industrial work. 



It is now appreciated that the " degree of fatigue " is measured 

 by the expenditure of energy, and that it is intimately connected 

 with the effort, speed, frequency, and duration of the work by 

 which it is caused. The nett output of muscular energy is a 

 measure of the force exercised in the production of mechanical 

 work. 



Separate consideration must be given to the work of Taylor, ( 2 ) - 

 Gantt, and Gilbreth,( 3 ) who studied industrial labour under 

 factory and workshop conditions. Their methods consisted, 

 essentially, in the accurate timing of movements, and careful 

 observation by which they eliminated useless motions. By 

 timing the useful movements of a specially selected workman, 

 they were able to arrive at the maximum possible output. In- 

 creased wages stimulate the workman to strive at the attainment 

 of this maximum. The admirable work of these engineers was 

 first made known in France by Henry le Chatelier, who trans- 

 lated and wrote an introduction to Taylor's work. This publi- 

 cation was most successful and evoked much interest. 



The reader of these pages will appreciate the important, 

 though hitherto unrecognised part which French scientists have 

 played in laying the foundations of the forthcoming economic 

 revolution, and will regret that their ideas have had to struggle 

 against delay, hesitation and indifference. The work of the 

 French investigators has, indeed been more truly scientific than 

 that of Taylor, for it has given due consideration to the physio- 

 logical aspect of the subject. It was, however, academic rather 

 than practical, and did not then appear to have any useful appli- 

 cation in industry. Taylor's methods, however, were eminently 

 practical, being based on actual workshop experience and on long 

 familiarity with the qualities, good and bad, of the average work- 

 man. 



He endeavoured to improve the good and eliminate the bad. 

 He resolved industrial operations into their elements, so that he 

 might speed up the rate of working. Thus, as described in para. 

 292 above, in the case of the handling of pig iron, he distinguished 

 the separate elements of the operation, the lifting of the pig from 

 the ground, the walking with the load on the level, and on the 



(!) Marey La Methode Gtaphique 1878 ; Le Mcuvement 1894 Engl. tr.. 

 London 189">. 



( 2 ) Frederick Winslow Taylor Principles oj Scientific Organisation of 

 Workshops. 



( 3 ) Frank Gilbreth Motion Study, 1911. 



