7Q ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY 



4. Give a brief description of the lungs. In what part of the body are they 



situated ? 



5. Name the organs which touch the upper surface of the diaphragm. 



6. Give a brief description of the heart. Say exactly where it is situated, and 



name the organs adjacent to it. 



7. Describe exactly the position of the (esophagus. Where does it begin, and 



where does it end ? 



8. Describe the pericardium and the pleurae. 



LESSON XIII. 



THE ORGANS OF THE ABDOMEN. 



THE organs of the abdomen include 



The oesophagus (lower portion). 



The stomach. 



The intestines. 



The liver. 



The pancreas. 



The spleen. 



The kidneys. 



The bladder. 



The oesophagus passes through the diaphragm, and imme- 

 diately widens out into the stomach. 



The stomach is a membranous and muscular bag, about ten 

 inches in length from right to left, situated in part against the 

 front wall of the abdomen, just beneath the diaphragm. It lies 

 in part under the left portion of the liver. The stomach is 

 somewhat pear-shaped, its larger end, called the cardiac extremity ', 

 being on the left, and the narrower end, called the pyloric ex- 

 tremity, on the right. The oesophagus enters the stomach at 

 about two or three inches from the cardiac end, the opening being 

 called the cardiac orifice ; and the narrow end of the stomach 

 communicates with the intestines by an opening which is called 

 the pylorus (Gr. pulouros, a gate-keeper). The upper surface of 

 the stomach is short and concave, while the lower is long and 

 convex. The former is called the lesser curvature, and the latter 

 the greater curvature. The right upper surface of the stomach is 

 covered by the liver, which lies between it and the diaphragm. 

 Food-substances enter the stomach by means of the cardiac 

 orifice, and, after being thoroughly mixed with the digestive fluid 

 of the stomach, pass through the pylorus into the intestines. 



The intestines consist of two distinct portions, the small 

 intestine, and the large intestine, both together occupying a large 



