236 ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY 



tions and through what organs do the chemical elements of the ingested food 

 leave the body ? (12) 



4. What does milk look like under the microscope? To what substances 

 does it owe its value as a food ? Describe the result of heating to dryness 

 until they burn, (a) a solution containing white of egg, (b) a solution containing 

 cane sugar. (12) 



5. What are the mean temperature, average rate of heart-beat, and average 

 frequency of inspiration in the case of an adult when sitting still ? To what 

 extent do these alter in consequence of sudden violent exertion? (12) 



6. Describe the position and general structure of the diaphragm. Explain 

 precisely how its movements can cause the phenomena of respiration. Why 

 do the respiratory movements of an animal cease when it is decapitated although 

 the heart may go on beating? (13) 



7. Enumerate in their relative positions the various named portions of the 

 intestinal part of the alimentary canal. State shortly what changes the food 

 substances undergo in the small intestine and the agencies which produce the 

 changes. (13) 



8. Describe briefly the situation in the body, the general structure, and the 

 use of each of the following : (a) the pylorus, (b) the portal vein, (c) the iris, 

 (d) the tympanum. (12) 



9. How are the bones of the fore-limb connected with those of the trunk ? 

 Enumerate in their relative positions the principal bones of the limb, and 

 describe the character of the joints formed by their articulating surfaces. (12) 



to. Describe in general terms the structure and functions of muscular and 

 of tendinous tissue. Give one example occurring in man of each of the 

 following movements : (a) the reflex contraction of a voluntary muscle, (b) 

 the reflex contraction of an involuntary muscle, (c) a muscular contraction 

 which is not dependent upon the central nervous system. (12) 



11. When the eye looks at an object a real inverted image of this is formed 

 upon the retina. Explain this statement, illustrating your answer by appro- 

 priate diagrams. In what position as regards the retina would the image of 

 a more distant object be formed ? (12) 



12. By what nervous structures is the spinal cord connected with the skin, 

 and with the muscles of the hind limbs ? Describe the appearance, as pre- 

 sented to the naked eye, of the cord, (a) when dissected out of the spinal canal 

 throughout its whole length, (b) when cut across and the part exposed by the 

 cut is examined. (13) 



DAY EXAMINATION PAPER, 1902. 



1. Describe the microscopic appearance of a drop oi diluted blood. (12) 



2. By what vessels can the blood be conveyed to and from the heart in the 

 case of each of the following parts of the body : the head, the intestines, and 

 the lower limbs ? (The chief blood-vessels only are asked for, and your 

 answer should include a brief description of the course of the blood from the 

 veins which enter to the vessels which leave the heart.) (13) 



3. What food-stuffs occur in bread? How are these altered by the process 

 of digestion, and what is the physiological importance of such alteration ? 



(12) 



4. Describe experiments of a chemical nature by which you could show 

 (a) that starch is changed by the action of your saliva, and (b) that your 

 expired air contains carbonic acid gas. (13) 



5. Give a general account of the structure of the lungs and of the parts by 

 which these communicate with the air. (12) 



6. Describe, with the aid of appropriate drawings, the general form of a 





