EXAMINATION PAPERS 237 



dorsal vertebra. In what respects are the first two cervical vertebrae unlike all 

 the others, and what is the object of their peculiar form ? (13) 



7. Give a short account of the physiological reasons for the well-known 

 fact that a starving man loses in body-weight. How would this loss be affected 

 by muscular exercise ? ( 12) 



8. What do you know as to the general structure and functions of the 

 skin? (12) 



9. Explain by appropriate diagrams the path of rays of light which enter 

 the eye, and the relative positions of the structures through which they pass. 



(13) 



10. State and explain the immediate effects which occur when the nerve- 

 trunks of a limb are divided. How could the muscles be made to contract 

 and move a limb so treated ? (12) 



EVENING EXAMINATION PAPER, 1903. 



1. What does human blood look like under the microscope ? Describe, with 

 the aid of appropriate drawings, the appearances presented by such microscopic 

 examination. (12) 



2. What happens when freshly drawn blood is (a) kept in a bowl, (l>) 

 stirred vigorously by a bundle of twigs ? Describe and explain in general 

 terms the phenomena. (12) 



3. Into what groups are the food-stuffs divided, and what chemical elements 

 are present in each group ? To what extent do these various groups occur in 

 bread, meat, and milk, respectively? (12) 



4. Describe, with the aid of appropriate drawings, the course of the blood 

 into, through, and out of the pulmonary vessels. What is the precise im- 

 portance of this blood-flow ? (12) 



.5. Give a short description of the situation of the thorax and of the struc- 

 tures which form its walls. To what extent does its shape alter in respiration, 

 and how do such alterations of shape cause the entry or exit of air? (13) 



6. Describe the position and general form of the stomach, and show by an 

 outlined drawing how it is connected to other parts of the alimentary canal. 

 What changes does food undergo in the stomach, and how are these brought 

 about? (13) 



7. State quite shortly the position, general structure, and functions of the 

 villi, the submaxillary glands, the ureters, and the carotid arteries. (12) 



8. What structures form the pelvis ? Describe the way in which the lower 

 limbs are articulated with it. What position would a lower limb assume in 

 respect to the trunk if it were (a) flexed, (b) abducted? (12) 



9. Describe the position, general structure, and blood-supply of the liver. 

 With what great abdominal blood-vessels are those vessels connected which 

 enter and leave this organ ? (12) 



10. What is the general effect of violent muscular exercise upon respiration 

 as regards both its rate and the amount of carbonic acid given off? How do 

 you account for the fact that the temperature of the body is not increased under 

 these conditions ? (13) 



11. Make a drawing of the eyeball to show especially (a) the position of 

 the lens, (b) the alteration in the direction of parallel rays-of light entering the 

 cornea and then traversing the eyeball. (12) 



12. What is meant by the term "reflex action "? Give examples in illus- 

 tration of your statement, selecting ones in which (a] involuntary muscles, and 

 (>>} secreting glands are involved. (13) 



