244 ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY 



4. What do you understand to be the meaning of the statement that the 

 blood circulates? Explain how such circulation is brought about, and give 

 any evidence of its existence obtainable in the living body. (13) 



5. Describe the position, general structure, and functions of the diaphragm, 

 illustrating your answer by appropriate diagrams. (13) 



6. What long bones are found in the human arm and leg respectively? 

 Indicate by appropriate drawings their relative positions in each limb, and 

 the way in which they are connected with the rest of the skeleton. Com- 

 pare the two sets as regards freedom of movement and adaptability for their 

 purpose? (13) 



7. Describe the form, position, and general structure of the liver. With 

 what blood vessels is this organ connected and what are its chief func- 

 tions? (12) 



8. In what forms do nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen leave the body ? 

 Make a drawing to show the relative position of the kidneys and the urinary 

 bladder, and state the general nature of the tissues composing each of these 

 organs. (12) 



9. Explain why certain human movements are described as reflex actions. 

 What structures are essential for their occurrence ? Give examples of reflex 

 actions occurring in your own body which involve the contraction of (a) volun- 

 tary and (b) involuntary muscles respectively. (13) 



10. Describe the general nature of the eyeball and its contents. What 

 happens to the rays of light which traverse the eyeball? Illustrate your 

 answer by appropriate diagrams. (12) 



EXAMINATION PAPER, 1909. 



1. What happens when shed blood is received into two bowls one of which 

 is kept still whilst the other is stirred with a glass rod? (12) 



2. Describe by means of appropriate diagrams the chambers of the mam- 

 malian heart. (12) 



3. What food-stuffs are contained in egg and in meat respectively ? What 

 changes are produced in these (a) by boiling and (b) by digestion in the 

 alimentary canal ? (12) 



4. What is the average body temperature? Explain, in general terms, 

 how it comes about that this temperature remains the same whether the skin 

 feels warm or cold in consequence of the state of the surrounding air? (13) 



5. In what respects does the blood change during its passage through the 

 lungs? How would you show that the air you breathe out differs from that 

 which you take in ? (12) 



6. What bony and cartilaginous structures help to form the framework of 

 the thorax ? In what direction do your ribs move when you take in a deep 

 breath? Which is the cause and which is the effect as regards these two 

 events? Explain the relationship of the two. (13) 



7. Describe the general character and position of the pelvis. What are 

 the more important of the organs which he within its cavity? (12) 



8. Give a general account of the nature and use of (a) muscle and (b) 

 tendon. Make a rough drawing of the position occupied by the fingers when 

 these are respectively flexed, extended, abducted and adducted. (13) 



9. Where is the spinal cord situated ? Describe its general form and give 

 a general account of its physiological purpose. (13) 



10. Describe briefly how the waves of sound are conveyed to the parts 

 which contain the nerves of hearing from a ticking watch held up close to the 

 ear. (12) 



