38 Germany. 



removed at once; only dry wood is to be used for 

 fuel and the place and time for gathering it is specially 

 designated, similar to the present practice. The best 

 oak and beech are to be preserved (this, however, 

 merely with reference to the mast), and in the Alps 

 we find already provisions to reserve larch and pine. 

 The charcoal industry is favored (because of easier 

 transportation of its product), but permitted only 

 under special precautions. Bark peeling and burning 

 for potash is forbidden. The pasture is regulated 

 with regard to the young growth, and sheep and 

 goats are excluded. 



Such measures are, to be sure, found only here and 

 there where local conditions gave rise to a fear of a 

 timber famine; such communities may also be found 

 making attempts to protect themselves against re- 

 duction of home supplies by forbidding the export 

 of wood from their territory. An amusing restriction 

 of this kind is found at Altenstadt where the bakers 

 were forbidden to bake bread for any but the citizens 

 of the town. 



The first ordinance prohibiting for clearings is 

 found at Lorsch in the Rhenish country in 1165, and 

 other ordinances with such prohibition are on record 

 in other parts in the 13th century. In 1237, at 

 Salzburg, clearings were prohibited in the interest 

 of the salt mines, "so that the cut forest may grow 

 up to wood again," and also in other parts where 

 mining interests made a special demand for props or 

 charcoal the regulation of forest use was begun early. 



The difficulties of transportation in the absence of 

 roads rendered local supply of more importance than 



