42 Germany. 



1. Development of Forest Property Conditions. 



A number of changes in the conceptions of political 

 relations, in methods of life and of political economy- 

 brought further changes in property conditions on the 

 same lines as those prevailing in the 14th and 15th 

 centuries. These changes were especially influenced 

 by the spread of Roman law doctrine regarding the 

 rights of the governing classes; by the growth of the 

 cities, favoring industrial development and changing 

 methods of life; by the change from barter to money 

 management, favored by the discovery of America, 

 by other world movements, and by the resulting 

 changes in economic theory. 



Through the discovery of the new world and the 

 influx of gold and silver that came with it gave im- 

 petus to industry and commerce of the cities; the 

 rapid increase of money capital increased extrava- 

 gance and induced a desire for amassing wealth, which 

 changed modes of life, changed policies and systems 

 of political economy. 



The fiscal policy of the many little principalities 

 was dominated by a desire to get a good balance of 

 trade by fostering exports of manufactures, but for- 

 bidding exports of raw materials like forest products, 

 also by forbidding imports, subsidizing industries, 

 fixing prices by law, and taking in general an inimical 

 attitude towards outsiders except in so far as they 

 sent gold and silver into the country. 



This so-called mercantilists system, which saw 

 wealth not in labor and its products but in horded 

 gold and silver, had also full sway in England under 



