Regulation of Wood. Use, and Trade. 51 



one family in a year and of 1,200 cords or more used 

 by the Court at Weimar during the same time. 



The substitution of turf and coal for firewood was 

 ordered in some sections in 1697 and again in 1777, 

 but practically not until 1780 did coal come in as a 

 substitute. Tanbark peeling was also forbidden, or 

 only the use of bark of trees soon to be felled was 

 allowed. For cooperage only the top-dry oak; for 

 coffins only soft-wood, or, according to Joseph II of 

 Austria, no wood, but black cloth was to be used. 

 In some parts of the country the use of oak was 

 restricted, even as early as 1562. 



For regulating practices in the forest the restric- 

 tions often took only the general form of forbidding 

 devastation, without specifying what that meant. 



Then, besides establishing a diameter limit, and 

 regulating pasture in order to protect young growth, 

 excluding sheep and goats entirely, an attempt was 

 made to secure at least orderly procedure in the fellings. 

 Foresters were to designate what was to be cut even 

 for firewood. Marking irons and hammers were 

 employed for this purpose by the middle of the 15th 

 century (usually two markings, by forester and by 

 inspector to check). And this designation by officials 

 extended even into the private forest, where finally 

 no felling was allowed without previous permission 

 and designation by a forester. 



The use of the litter by the small farmers had 

 grown to a large extent in these times and it was 

 thought desirable to stop it, but this aid to the poor 

 peasant was so necessary that only regulating the 

 gathering of it could be insisted upon. 



3 



