62 Germany. 



cutting, to secure a desirable seedbed, and by length- 

 ening the period of regeneration and elaborating other 

 detail, so that, by 1790, the principles of natural re- 

 generation under nursetrees for beech forest were 

 fully developed in Western Germany. 



In other parts, hardwood forest management was 

 but little developed. The Prussian Forest Ordinance 

 of 1786 contented itself with forbidding the selection 

 method, by declaring natural regeneration, as prac- 

 ticed in the pineries, not applicable; while the Austrian 

 Ordinance of 1786 recognizes only clearing followed 

 by planting as the general rule. 



b. Artificial Reforestation. Although sporadic at- 

 tempts at sowing and planting are on record as early 

 as the beginning of the 14th century, extensive arti- 

 ficial reforestation did not begin until the middle of 

 the 18th century, by which time planting methods 

 were quite fully developed. 



Among the hardwoods, the oak was the first to 

 receive special attention. By the middle of the 16th 

 century the forest ordinances gave quite explicit 

 instructions for planting oak in the so-called Hiitewald, 

 a combination of pasture and tree growth such as is 

 found to-day in the bluegrass region of Kentucky; 

 the remnants of these poor pasture woods with their 

 gnarly oaks have lasted into modern times. 



In the forest ordinance of Brunswick (1598) orders 

 are given to plant on felling areas: "every full farmer 

 shall every year at the proper time set out ten young 

 oaks, every half farmer five, every farm laborer three, 

 well taken up with roots (wildlings), and plant them 



