64 Germany. 



its extension everywhere. Very explicit and correct 

 rules for growing and transplanting them, and some 

 to which we would not subscribe, were given in the 

 books of the 18th century. Among the planting 

 methods we find, in 1719 and again in 1776, one similar 

 to the Manteuffel method of planting in mounds. 



While oak culture was especially fostered in North- 

 western Germany, the cultivation of conifers first 

 received attention in the southwest, and in the same 

 manner which was inaugurated by the Nuremberg 

 seed dealer in 1368. A new idea, introduced in the 

 Palatine Forest Ordinance (1565) and in the Bavarian 

 Forest Ordinance (1568), was the prescription, to 

 soak the seed before use and sow mixed with sawdust 

 or sand, bringing the seed under with brush or iron 

 rakes. 



Carlowitz (1713) taught well the methods of collect- 

 ing, extracting and keeping the seed, and even pro- 

 posed seed tests. The seedbeds were to be made as 

 for carrots, dense sowings to be thinned, and the 

 thinnings transplanted into nursery rows, the seed- 

 beds to be covered with moss and litter to protect 

 them against heaving; he also discusses the question 

 of cost. The adaptation of plant material to different 

 sites conifers where oaks are not suitable was also 

 understood (Bavarian Forest Ordinance, 1683). 



As long as the old method of extracting the seed in 

 hot stoves or ovens prevailed, conifer sowings gave 

 but indifferent results. 



In the pine forests of Prussia, during the second half 

 of the 18th century, the method of sowing the cones 

 on large waste and sand barrens, where the sun would 



