66 Germany. 



in 1744) when the great movement for reforesting 

 wastes and openings began, the tree seed being sown 

 with the grain either at once or after farm use for 

 some years. 



Regular annual planting budgets (of $50 $100 

 $200) were inaugurated in Brunswick by v. Langen 

 in 1745; and in 1781, the Prussian forest administra- 

 tion had attained to entirely modern planting plans 

 and annual planting budgets. 



It was no wonder that the fear of a timber famine 

 and the apparent hopelessness of bringing improve- 

 ment into the existing forest conditions created 

 anxiety and a desire to plant rapid growers, such as 

 birch, willow, aspen, alder; the planting of the White 

 Birch became so general in the beginning of the 18th 

 century that a regular betulomania is recorded corre- 

 sponding to the incipient catalpomania in the United 

 States. 



At that time, to be sure, firewood was still the 

 main concern, and the use of these rapid growing 

 species had some justification. But where birch was 

 mixed in spruce plantations its baneful effects con- 

 sisting in whipping off the spruce tips and injuring its 

 neighbors were soon recognized, and much trouble was 

 experienced in getting rid of the unwelcome addition. 



The Robinia, which had been brought from America 

 in 1638, was also one of the trees recommended in the 

 middle of the 18th century and was much planted 

 until Hartig pointed out that the expectations from 

 it were entirely misplaced. 



Of course no building material could be expected 

 from these species, hence the larch, also a rapid 



