68 Germany. 



ated the financial argument of earlier returns and 

 increased value of the remainder. 



About the same time, Zanthier recommended two 

 thinnings, namely, for conifers first in the thirtieth 

 to fortieth year and again in the fiftieth year, for 

 broadleaf forest first in the forty-fifth and again in 

 the eightieth to ninetieth year. 



In 1765, the financial gain from thinnings is figured 

 by Oettelt, and the possible reduction of the rotation 

 due to thinnings is recognized by Leubert in 1774. 



Just as the thinning in polewoods arose from the 

 need of earlier utilization, so the weeding of young 

 growths was done for the purpose of getting material 

 for withes to bind the grain, etc. 



The removal of coppice shoots in oak plantings was 

 practiced in Prussia in 1719, and the thinning of too 

 dense sowings was advised by Carlowitz in 1713. 

 Yet much later, even such an intelligent man as 

 Oettelt inveighed against the weeding out of the birch 

 in spruce sowings because "nature prefers variety, 

 with which preference it is not good to interfere," 



This was in opposition to v. Langen (1745), who 

 prescribed for the first time regular cleaning or weed- 

 ing, especially the removal of the softwoods, aspen 

 and birch, and of coppice shoots from seedling forest. 

 It was also known that this weeding is best done "in 

 the full sap, "in order to kill the stocks. 



8. Methods of Regulating Forest Management. 



Organized forest management was slower to develop 

 than silvicultural methods. The first attempts to 

 bring order into the progress of fellings took the form 



