Development of Mensuration. 77 



It seems that long before this time the French had 

 made the determination of yield in a more scientific 

 manner, Reaumur reporting in 1721 to the French 

 Academy comparative studies of the yield of coppice 

 and of volumes of wood. 



Oettelt, too, laid the foundation of forest financial 

 calculations when he ascertained the value of a forest 

 by determining the value of an acre of mature wood 

 the oldest age class and multiplying it by half the 

 acreage of the whole forest, suggesting the well known 



expression for the normal stock I I -r- 1 soon after to be 



developed by an obscure Austrian tax collector. 



Even the first forest finance calculations with the 

 use of compound interest, and a comparison of the 

 profitableness of the different methods of management, 

 are to be recorded as made by Zanthier in 1764, bring- 

 ing the beginning of forestal statics into this period. 



10. Methods of Lumbering and Utilization. 



At the beginning of this period, rough exploitation 

 was still mainly in vogue, only parts of trees being 

 used, just as in the United States now. Here and 

 there, attempts were made toward more conservative 

 use; for instance, at Brunswick in 1547, the use of log 

 timber for fuel was discouraged; in Saxony, as early 

 as 1560, the brushwood was utilized for fuel. High 

 stumps were a usual feature in spite of "the threats 

 of punishment of the forest ordinances, as in Bavaria 

 (1531). The axe was the only instrument used until 

 the end of the 18th century for felling as well as cutting 

 into lengths; not until 1775, do we find an allusion to 



