78 Germany. 



the use of the saw, when the forest ordinance of Weimar 

 ordered that the saw-cut should be made for three- 

 fourths of the tree's diameter and the axe be used to 

 finish (!) the last quarter. Not until the 18th century 

 was the fuel-wood split, in the woods and it was near 

 the end of the period before it was set up in mixed 

 cords (round and split) after the splitting had been 

 introduced. The measurement was, until about that 

 time, made merely in loads, the cord being of later 

 introduction. 



The value of low stumps and of the use of the saw 

 was recognized in Austria in 1786. To show how 

 variously and locally the need of conservative use of 

 wood developed, we may cite the fact that in the 

 Harz, about 1750, trees were dug with their roots as 

 now in some of the pineries of the Mark Brandenburg, 

 in order to utilize more of the body-wood and the 

 root-wood. In 1757 we find stump-pulling machines 

 described. 



In measurement of standing trees the circumfer- 

 ence at breast-height was measured with a chain, 

 and for the body-wood when felled the mean diameter 

 was employed. 



As regards the felling time, specific advice is found 

 in many forest ordinances which recommend mostly 

 winter felling, stating the proper beginning and end 

 of the season by the phases of the moon, the rule 

 being that all white wood, for example conifers, beech 

 and aspen should be felled on the increase or waxing 

 of the moon; oak, at the waning; but coppice, because 

 it is desired to secure a new growth, at the waxing 

 moon. Prescription was also made sometimes re- 



