Forestry Education. 83 



except if it was cut wood. In the beginning of the 

 period, the judge had wide latitude as to amount of 

 the fine to be imposed, but in the 17th century more 

 precise fines were fixed, and in the 18th century, a 

 revision of the fines brought them into proportion 

 with the value of the stolen wood; a choice of punish- 

 ments by fines, imprisonment or labor in the woods 

 was then also instituted. 



12. Forestry Education. 



The course of education for the foresters until the 

 middle of the 18th century was a simple one and 

 mainly directed to learning the manipulations of the 

 chase, training of dogs, tending of horses, setting of 

 nets, shooting, etc. Two or three years' life with a 

 practical hunter were followed by journeying and 

 working for different employers, woodlore being 

 picked up by the way from those that knew. 



When in the 18th century the need for better woods 

 knowledge became pressing, the few really good forest 

 managers were sought out by the young men who 

 wished to secure this knowledge. In this way, a 

 number of so-called "master-schools" came into 

 existence, each depending on one man. Such a school 

 was that of v. Zanthier in Wernigerode, later trans- 

 ferred to Ilsenburg, started in 1763 and ending with 

 his death in 1778. Theoretical teaching and oppor- 

 tunity for practical demonstration here was such that 

 even students from the Berlin school and men in 

 actual employment attended the courses. 



The two great masters and fathers of modern 

 forestry, Hartig and Cotta, each instituted such 



