92 Germany. 



1. Changes in Property Conditions. 



The change in forest treatment from that prevail- 

 ing during the previous period was mainly due to the 

 change in property conditions, and especially to the 

 establishment of state forests. This change was 

 largely the result of the revolutionary movements 

 at the beginning of the new century which brought 

 about changes in state organizations. In Prussia, 

 the princely forest property had been declared state 

 domain in 1713, but elsewhere, the public domain had 

 been considered the property of the princes in their 

 capacity as head of the country, as domanium, out- 

 side of their personal private property (Chatullgiiter). 

 The income from this domanium was in part liable to 

 be applied to the expenses of the court and of the ad- 

 ministration of the realm, to some extent alleviating 

 the burdens of taxation. This property arose from 

 a variety of relations which have been discussed at 

 length in the foregoing chapters. It was derived 

 mainly from feudal properties, fiefs of vassalage and 

 fiefs of official position, secularized church property 

 and other forfeited property, division of mark forests, 

 and from allodial possessions of the family. Gradu- 

 ally, by agreement with the landed estates, it was 

 understood that this property could not be disposed 

 of or dissipated by the prince, and was inherited by 

 the eldest son together with the princely dignity, 

 being an attribute of his position in the state. In 

 the reconstruction period of 1806 to 1815, during and 

 after the Napoleonic wars, many of the small princes 

 lost their seigniorage (Landeshoheit ipso jure), and 



