Leading Foresters. 99 



organizing the service, he introduced fixed salaries, 

 he relieved the foresters from financial responsibilities, 

 transferring all handling of money to a separate set 

 of officials, whereby the temptation to fraudulent prac- 

 tice of graft was removed, and he issued instructions 

 for the different grades of foresters; and every part of 

 this work was all his own. In regulating the forest 

 area of the state he developed the volume allotment 

 method, which, however, proved too cumbersome 

 to be readily applied to large areas. Toward the end 

 of his life, his work was not entirely successful, and 

 he lost prestige in his later years. 



Heinrich von Cotta (1763-1844) studied at the Uni- 

 versity of Jena, and afterwards practiced in Thuringia, 

 where he established a master school at Zillbach 

 (1795). In 1811, he was called to Saxony, as director 

 of forest surveys, whither he also transferred his 

 school, at Tharandt, which in 1816 was made a state 

 institution and is still flourishing. In that year he 

 was made the director of the Bureau of Forest Manage- 

 ment. Like Hartig, he was eminent in the three 

 directions of practical, literary, and educational work, 

 but he excelled Hartig in originality, developing new 

 principles and thought. Being a good plant-physi- 

 ologist and observer of nature, he developed new 

 ideas in silviculture, especially with reference to 

 methods of thinning, and his "Anweisung zum Wald- 

 bau" written in the simplest, clearest and' most force- 

 ful manner, forms a classic worthy of study to this 

 day. In the field of forest management he became 

 the inventor of the area allotment method and the 

 originator of the highly developed Saxon forest 



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