102 Germany. 



The last, fifth edition of the Waldbau, appearing in 

 1906 in two volumes, has been brought up to date 

 by Professor Hess. He devised one of the most 

 rational methods of forest organization, and, imbued 

 with the necessity of basing forest management on 

 exact scientific inquiry, instead of on empiricism 

 alone, he formulated instructions for forest static 

 investigations, a subject which his son, Gustav Heyer, 

 elaborated into a science. 



4. Progress in Silviculture. 



Natural regeneration continued to be the favorite 

 method well into this period, and, for a long time, 

 selection forest and coppice were all that was known 

 in practice until Hartig and Cotta forced recognition 

 of the shelterwood system. 



The only way in which a transition from the gener- 

 ally practiced, unregulated selection forest to an in- 

 tensive management was possible, with the ignorant 

 personnel of underforesters, was to formulate into 

 an easily intelligible prescription the necessary rules, 

 allowing the least play to individual judgment. 

 This was done by Hartig when he formulated his 

 eight "General Rules" (1808) which coincided also 

 closely with the teachings of Cotta. Since these 

 rules represent in brief and most definitely the status 

 of silvicultural knowledge on natural regeneration 

 at the time, it may be desirable to translate them 

 verbatim. 



(1) "Every forest tree which is expected to pro- 

 pagate itself by natural regeneration must be old 

 enough to bear good seed. 



