104 Germany. 



may grow the better; the upper perfect crown cover, 

 however, must not be interrupted until it is the in- 

 tention to grow a new forest again in the place of the 

 old one." 



Since these rules are applicable only in beech forests, 

 much mischief and misconception resulted from their 

 generalization; pure, even-aged high forests became 

 the ideal, and the mixed forest, which was originally 

 the most widespread condition, vanished to a large 

 extent,. This was especially unfortunate in Northern 

 and Northeastern pine forests. 



A reaction against Hartig's generalization began 

 about 1830, under the lead of Pfeil. He had at first 

 agreed with Hartig, and then with equal narrowness 

 advocated for many years a clear cutting system with 

 artificial reforestation. Finally, however, he was 

 not afraid to acknowledge that his early generaliza- 

 tions in this respect were a mistake, and that differ- 

 ent conditions required different treatment. 



In the development of the shelterwood system there 

 was at first, under the lead of Hartig, a tendency to 

 open up rather sharply, taking out about three- 

 fourths of the existing stand, but gradually he became 

 convinced that this was too much, and finally reduced 

 the first removal to only about one-third of the stand. 

 This was the origin of his nickname of Dunkelman. 

 In spite of the fact that it was claimed that Cotta 

 took the opposite view (for which he was called 

 Lichtman), he, too, grew to favor a dark position, 

 and, as he progressed, leaned more and more towards 

 more careful opening up. Hartig originally recog- 

 nized only three different fellings: the cutting for 



