106 Germany. 



was thoroughly established in the Black Forest, and 

 in Wiirttemberg by 1818. 



Natural regeneration being the main method of 

 reproduction until the beginning of the 19th century, 

 artificial means, as is evident from the forest ordi- 

 nances of Prussia and Bavaria (1812 and 1814), were 

 usually applied only to repair fail-places, or to plant 

 up wastes. In this artificial reforestation, with the 

 exception of the planting of oak in pastures, sowing 

 was almost entirely resorted to because it could be done 

 cheaper and easier, but as the sowings were mostly 

 made on unprepared soil and with very large amounts 

 of seed (30 to 60 pounds per acre, now only 7 to 10 

 pounds), the results were not satisfactory, either be- 

 cause the seed did not find favorable conditions for 

 germinating, or when germinated the stand was too 

 dense. 



Planting, if done at all, was done only with wild- 

 lings dug from the woods, and usually, following the 

 practice of the planting of oak in pastures, with 

 saplings : the plant material was too large for success. 

 Nurseries, except for oak, were not known, even to 

 Cotta in 1817; and Heyer, having to plant up several 

 thousand acres, still relied on wildlings, two to three 

 years old, which he took up with a ball of earth by 

 means of his "hole spade," a circular spade re-invented 

 by him and much praised by others. Hartig, in 

 1833, still advised the use of four to five year old pine 

 wildlings, root-pruned, but, eventually, having met 

 with poor success, for which he was much discredited, 

 came to the conclusion that un-pruned two-year-old 

 plants were preferable. 



