Normal Stock Methods. 115 



comparatively short period is now generally accepted, 

 the future receiving only summary consideration. 



These methods of organization were the ones 

 generally applied in practice, and are still with some 

 modifications in practical use. About 1820, however, 

 new theories were advanced which led to the formu- 

 lation of methods based upon the idea of the normal 

 forest. The conception of a normal forest, with a 

 normal stock, distributed in normal age classes, so as 

 to insure a sustained yield management, was evolved, 

 in 1788, by an obscure anonymous official in the Tax- 

 collector's office of Austria, designed for assessing 

 woods managed for sustained yield. This fertile idea, 

 which is still the basis of forest organization in Austria, 

 and explains better than any other method the prin- 

 ciples involved in forest organization, did not find en- 

 trance into forestry literature in all its detail until 1811 

 when Andr6 compared this so-called Cameraltaxe with 

 Hartig's method of regulation. We find, however, 

 that, simultaneously with the Austrian invention of 

 this method, Paulsen (1787) proposed to determine 

 the felling budget as a relation between normal stock 

 and normal yield, and in his yield tables (the first 

 of the kind, 1795), he gives the proportion of incre- 

 ment to normal stock in percentic relation, so that 

 the felling budget may be either expressed as a frac- 

 tion of the stock or as a per cent; in beech forests, for 

 instance, he determines the felling budget as 3.3% 

 on best sites, 2.5% on medium, and 1.8% on poor 

 sites. 



Probably stimulated by Andre's description, Huber 

 (1812) developed a method and formula which may 



