122 Germany. 



of Cameralists, educated foresters came everywhere 

 to the head of affairs. The lower service, which had 

 been recruited from hunters and lackeys, and which 

 was noted for its low social, moral and pecuniary 

 status, was improved in all directions. The change 

 from incidentals in the way of fees, and natural in- 

 stead of money emolument for the lower grade fores- 

 ters, (which had been the rule, and still play a role 

 even to date), to definite salaries, and the salutary 

 change of methods in transacting business, which 

 Hartig introduced, became general. With the de- 

 velopment and improvement of forestry schools, the 

 requirement of a higher technical education for posi- 

 tions in State service could be enforced. Yet only 

 within the last twenty-five or thirty years, has the 

 ranking position of forest officers been made adequate 

 and equalized with that of other public officials of 

 equal responsibility, and still later have their salaries 

 been made adequate to modern requirement. 



The central administration now lies in the hands 

 of technical men (Oberlandforstmeister) with a council 

 of technical deputies (Landforstmeister) all of whom 

 have passed through all the stages of employment 

 from that of district managers up. This central office 

 or "division of forestry" is either attached to the 

 department of agriculture, or to that of finance, and 

 has entire charge of the questions of personnel, direc- 

 tion of forest schools, of the forest policy of the ad- 

 ministration, and the approval of all working plans, 

 acting in all things pertaining to the forest service 

 as a court of last resort. The working plans are made 

 and revised by special commissioners in each case, 



