126 Germany. 



The regulations regarding export and import be- 

 tween the different States, which had been enacted 

 under the mercantilistic teachings of the last century 

 (see page 52), and the many tariffs which impeded 

 a free exchange of commodities, lasted for a long 

 while into the 19th century, and were not all abolish- 

 ed until 1865, when under the lead of Prussia, the 

 North German Federation instituted the Zollverein 

 (Tariff alliance) which abolished not only all tariffs 

 between the States of the Federation, but also tariffs 

 on wood products against the outside world. Import 

 duties were, however, again established in 1879, and 

 the policy of protecting the established organized 

 forest management against competition by importa- 

 tions from exploiting countries has been again and 

 again recognized as proper in the revision of tariff 

 rates and railroad freight rates on the government 

 railroads. 



During the first decades of the century, the supply 

 question was uppermost, and although such men as 

 Pfeil (1816) laughed at the idea of a wood famine, 

 there was good reason, prior to the development of 

 railroads, of coal fields, of iron and steel manufac- 

 tures, etc., for discussing with apprehension the area 

 and condition of supply and the extent of the con- 

 sumption. Nevertheless, the attitude of the state 

 toward private property was much more influenced 

 by the economic theories then prevalent, which taught 

 the ideas of private liberty to which the French 

 Revolution had given such forcible expression. 



With the change of municipal communities from 

 mere associations with common material interest into 



