Literature on Silviculture. 131 



authors was undertaken as early as 1819 by /. M. 

 Bechstein, who with his successors brought out four- 

 teen volumes, covering the ground pretty fully. 

 While in the earlier stages the meager amount of 

 knowledge made it possible to compress the whole 

 into small compass, the more modern encyclopaedias 

 of Lorey, Fiirst and Dombrowski arose from the oppo- 

 site consideration, namely, the need of giving a com- 

 prehensive survey of the large mass of accumulated 

 knowledge. 



Since 1820, monographic writings, however, became 

 more and more the practice. Among the volumes 

 which treat certain branches of forestry monographi- 

 cally, the works of the masters of silviculture, Cotta, 

 Hartig and Heyer, based on their experiences in west 

 and middle Germany, and of Pfeil, referring more 

 particularly to North German conditions, were follow- 

 ed by the South German writers, Gwinner (1834), and 

 Stumpf (1849). In 1855, H. Burkhardt introduced in 

 his classic Saen und Pflanzen a new method of treat- 

 ment, namely, by species., and after 1850, when the 

 development of general silviculture had been accom- 

 plished, such treatment by species became frequent. 

 Of more modern works on general silviculture elaborat- 

 ing the attempts at reform of old practices those of 

 Gayer (1880), Wagener (1884), Borggreve (1885), Ney 

 (1885), all writing in the same decade, are to be especi- 

 ally mentioned. In this connection should be also 

 noticed Furst's valuable collective work on nursery 

 practice {Pflanzenzucht im Walde, 1882). 



At present the magazine literature furnishes ample 

 opportunity to discuss the development of methods in 



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