132 Germany. 



all directions. The text books at present appearing 

 seem to be justified by or intended mainly for the 

 needs of the teacher and rarely for the practitioner. 

 Such a text book is that by Weise. But the latest 

 contributions to silvicultural literature by Wagner 

 (1907), and Mayr (1909) are works of a new order, 

 utilizing broader ecological knowledge. 



Other branches than silviculture were similarly first 

 treated in comprehensive volumes and then in mono- 

 graphic writings on special subjects of the branch. 

 The literature on forest utilization covering the whole 

 field, was enriched especially by Pfeil, Koenig, Gayer, 

 and Filrst. The first investigation into the physical 

 and technical properties of wood was conducted by 

 G. L. Hartig himself, followed by Theodor Hartig, 

 and the subject has been most broadly treated by 

 H. Noerdlinger (1860). In later years, Schwappacli s 

 investigations deserve special mention. 



The question of means of transportation gradually 

 became also a subject capable of monographic treat- 

 ment and a series of books came out on locating and 

 building forest roads. Braun issued such a book in 

 1855 for the plains country, and Kaiser (1873) for 

 the mountains, also Milhlhausen (1876), who had been 

 commissioned to locate a perfect road system over 

 the demonstration forest at the forest academy of 

 Muenden. Only within the last quarter of the cen- 

 tury were railroads introduced into the economy of 

 forest management. The first comprehensive book 

 on the subject of logging railroads was issued by 

 Foerster (1885), and a later one by Runnebaum. 

 Stoetzer (1903) furnished in his compact style the 



