Literature on Forest Utilization. 133 



latest discussion on the subject of roads and rail- 

 roads. 



A very comprehensive literature on the value of 

 forest litter was brought into existence by the estab- 

 lished usage of small farmers of supplying their lack 

 of straw for bedding and manure by substituting the 

 litter raked from the forest. Hartig and Hundeshagen 

 were active in the discussion of this subject as well 

 as almost every other forester, the discussion being, 

 however, mainly based on opinions. But, after 1860, 

 the subject became so important both to the poor 

 farming population and to the forest, which was 

 being robbed of its natural fertilizer, that a more 

 definite basis for regulating its use was established 

 by analysis and by experiments at the experimental 

 stations. 



With the inauguration of the various methods of 

 forest organization described before, there naturally 

 went hand in hand the development of methods of 

 measurement. Better forest surveys developed rapidly, 

 the transit generally replacing the compass and plane 

 table. At this period the necessity for books teaching 

 the important methods of land survey was met by 

 Baur (1858) and by Krafft (1865). This subject does 

 no longer occupy a place in forestry literature, the 

 knowledge of it being taken for granted. 



On the other hand the subject of forest mensuration 

 which formerly was generally treated in connection 

 with forest organization has developed into a branch 

 by itself, and has been very considerably developed 

 in its methods and instruments, making a tolerably 

 accurate measurement of forest growth possible, 



