Literature on Forest Mensuration. 135 



factors of .75, .66, .50 for the three classes. But the 

 first formula for determining form factors is credited 

 to Hossfeld (1812). Hundeshagen and Koenig also 

 occupied themselves with elaborating form factors. 

 Smalian (1837) introduced the conception of the 

 normal or true form factor relating it to the area at 

 one-twentieth of the height. An entirely new idea 

 has lately been introduced by Schiffel, an Austrian 

 German, under the name of form quotient, placing 

 two measured diameters in relation. 



Volume tables giving the volumes of trees of varying 

 diameters and height were already in use to some 

 extent in the 18th century; Cotta gives such for beech 

 in 1804, and, in 1817, furnished a new set of so-called 

 normal tables which were, however, based upon the 

 assumption of a conical form of the tree. Koenig 

 perfected volume tables by introducing further classi- 

 fication into five growth classes (1813), published 

 volume tables for beech and other species, and, in 

 1840, published volume tables not for single trees but 

 for entire stands per acre classified by species, height 

 and density; using the so-called space number which 

 he had developed in 1835 to denote the density. It 

 is interesting to note that these tables, which he called 

 Allgemeine Waldschcetzungstafehi, were made for the 

 Imperial Russian Society for the Advancement of 

 Forestry. 



In 1840 and succeeding years, the Bavarian govern- 

 ment issued a comprehensive series of measurements 

 and a large number of form factors, which were 

 used in constructing volume tables; these were found 

 to be so well made and so generally applicable that 



