136 Germany. 



they were used in all parts of Germany and, trans- 

 lated into meter measurement by Behm (1872), are 

 still generally in use, although new ones based upon 

 further measurements have been furnished by Lorey 

 and Kuntze. 



For arriving at the volume of stands, estimating 

 was relied upon long into the nineteenth century, 

 although Hossfeld, in 1812, introduced measuring, 

 and the use of the formula AHF, in which A was the 

 measured total cross-section area of the stand, H and 

 F the height and form factors, the latter being at that 

 time still estimated. He first made form classes for 

 the same heights, but, in 1823, simplified the method 

 by assuming an average form factor for the whole 

 stand. Even in 1830, Karnig still estimated the form 

 factor, although he introduced the measurement of 

 the cross-section area and determined the height in- 

 directly as an average of measurements of several 

 height classes, but Huber (1824) knew how to measure 

 both the average height and form factor by means of 

 an arithmetic sample tree. This method found en- 

 trance into the practice and held sway until about 

 1860, when the well-known improvements by Draudt 

 and Urich supplanted it. These last mentioned 

 methods have become generally used in the practice, 

 while other methods, like R. Hartig's and Pressler's, 

 have remained mainly theoretical. 



The study of the increment and the making of 

 yield tables which had been inaugurated toward the 

 end of the last century, by Oetellt, Paulsen, Hartig, 

 and others, was just at the end of that century placed 

 upon a new basis through Spdth (1797), who con- 



