138 Germany. 



known even to Hartig (1795) and Cotta (1804) who 

 published increment per cent, tables. The methods 

 of making the measurements of increment on standing 

 trees were especially elaborated by Koenig, Karl, 

 Edward and Gustav Heyer, Schneider (his formula, 

 1853), Jaeger, Borggreve, and especially by Pressler 

 (1860) who opened new points of view and increased 

 the means of studying increment by causing the con- 

 struction of the well-known increment borer, and in 

 other ways. 



The most modern text-book which treats fully of 

 all modern methods of forest mensuration giving also 

 their history is that of Udo Miiller (Lehrbuch der 

 Holzmesskunde, 1899), superseding such other good 

 ones, as those of Baur (1860-1882), Kuntze (1873), 

 Schwappach (short handbook, last edition 1903). 



The many sales of forest property which took place 

 at the beginning of this period naturally stimulated 

 the elaboration of methods of forest valuation. Even 

 the soil rent theory finds its basis at the very beginning 

 (1799) in a published letter by two otherwise unknown 

 foresters (Bein and Eyber), who proposed to deter- 

 mine the value of a forest by discounting the value 

 of the net yield with a limited compound interest 

 calculation to the 120th year. This idea was elabor- 

 ated, in 1805, by Ncerdlinger and Hossjeld into the 

 modern conception of expectancy values, and the 

 now familiar discount calculations were inaugurated 

 by them. Cotta and Hartig participated also in the 

 elaboration of methods of forest valuation; Cotta 

 writing his manual in 1804, recognizes the propriety 



