Forestry Education. 145 



9. Means of Advancing Forestry Science. 



During the century, the means of increasing know- 

 ledge in forestry matters have grown in all directions ; 

 schools, associations, journals and prolific literature 

 attesting the complete establishment of the profession 

 and practice. 



The master schools which began to take shape at 

 the end of the last century, and a number of which 

 were found in the beginning of the century as private 

 institutions, were usually either of short duration or 

 were changed into state institutions: they became 

 either "middle schools" for the lower service, or else 

 academies. For the higher education, the chairs of 

 forestry at the universities continued to do service, 

 as at Heidelberg, Giessen, Leipzig, Berlin, etc., but, 

 as these were mostly occupied by Cameralists (al- 

 though Hartig in 1811 filled a chair at Berlin), and 

 were intended for the benefit of such rather than of 

 professional foresters, the education of the latter was 

 somewhat neglected. Most of the existing institutions 

 had their beginnings in private schools. Both these 

 and the state schools passed through many changes. 

 The first high class forest academy was established 

 at Berlin directly by the State, in 1821, in connection 

 with the university. Here, Pfeil was the only professor 

 of forestry subjects, the other subjects being taught 

 by other university professors. The fact that in the 

 absence of railroads a demonstration forest was not 

 easily accessible, and perhaps the friction between 

 Pfeil and Hartig brought about a transfer to Neustadt- 

 Eberswalde, in 1830, with two professors till 1851, 



