Experiment Stations. 147 



(since 1831), and Munich, and for Baden at the poly- 

 technicum in Karlsruhe (1832). For the lower grades 

 of forest officials there are also schools established by 

 the various governments (3 in Prussia, 5 in Bavaria). 

 In 1910, the school at Aschaffenburg was discon- 

 tinued and the entire education of foresters for 

 Bavaria left to the University. 



Although as early as 1820, Hundeshagen had insisted 

 upon the necessity of exact investigation to form a 

 basis for improved forest management and especially 

 for forest statics, and, although, in 1848, Carl Heyer 

 elaborated the first instruction for such investigations 

 which he expected to carry on with the aid of prac- 

 titioners, the apathy of the latter and the troublesome 

 times prior to 1850 retarded this powerful means of 

 advancing forestry. During the decade from 1860 to 

 1870, however, the movement for the formation of 

 experiment stations took shape, the first set being 

 instituted in Saxony, 1862, by establishing nine 

 stations for the purpose of securing forest meteor- 

 ological data; the next in Prussia, in 1865, to solve 

 the problems of the removal of litter; and in Bavaria 

 (1866), also for the study of forest meteorology 

 (Ebermayer), and of the problem of thinnings. But 

 not until Baur, 1868, had pointed out more elabor- 

 ately the necessity of systematic investigations, and 

 a plan for such had been elaborated by a' committee 

 instituted by the German Foresters Association was 

 a system of experimentation as organized in modern 

 times secured (1872). The various states established 

 independently such experiment stations, but at the 



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