Forest Conditions. 155 



trian influence persisted in Germany until 1866 when, 

 by the crushing defeat suffered at the hands of Prussia, 

 its place and voice was permanently excluded from 

 German councils. By arrangement with Hungary, 

 the new dual empire of Austria-Hungary came into 

 existence, and gave a new national life and new policies 

 to the coalition which is to amalgamate these south- 

 eastern territories into a homogeneous nation. 



By the treaty of Berlin in 1878, this territory of 

 241.942 square m iles with over 45 million pe ople was 

 further increased by the addition of the Turkish 

 provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina with 1,250,000 

 inhabitants and 23, 262 square m iles, first merely 

 placed under Austria's suzerainty and administration, 

 in 1908 incorporated as an integral part. 



It is natural that, corresponding to this great di- 

 versity of ethnological elements and historical develop- 

 ment, we should find a great variety of forest conditions 

 and uneven development of forestry. While in Bo- 

 hemia, Moravia and Silesia the most intensive manage- 

 ment has long been practiced, in the Carpathians of 

 Galicia and in Hungary rough exploitation is still the 

 rule, and in other parts large untouched forest areas 

 still await development. 



We can distinguish at least seven region s thus 

 differently developed: the Northwest with Bohemia, 

 Moravia and the remaining part of Silesia, settled the 

 longest, and the longest under forest management; 

 the Northeast, Galicia with the Carpathian Moun- 

 tains, still largely either exploited or untouched; the 



