176 Austria. 



Styria and Galicia, where, in an eleven months' course, 

 15 forest guards at each receive instruction. In addition 

 there are five schools of silviculture where the course is 

 one year. Besides these schools, courses in forestry of 

 shorter duration are given at three other institutions. 

 Besides these schools, the promotion of forestry 

 science is, as in Germany, secured by forest experi- 

 ment stations, which came into existence as a result of 

 the earlier deliberations of the German foresters. 

 The first proposition to establish such a station was 

 submitted in 1868, but its establishment was delayed 

 until 1875, when such a station was instituted at 

 Vienna in connection with the school there. The 

 results of the investigations are published from year to 

 year and have enriched the forestry literature in the 

 German language with many important contributions. 



A very active association life exists in Austria, 

 largely due to the influence of the many large private 

 forest owners. Curiously enough, the first attempt at 

 forming a society of foresters in Bohemia was sup- 

 pressed by the authorities, probably for fear of revo- 

 lutionary tendencies, and the effort simply resulted 

 in a literary or reading association to obviate the need 

 of private purchase of books. Not until 1848, the 

 very year of the revolution, did the Bohemian fores- 

 try association become a fact, and, under the leader- 

 ship of the large forest owners among the nobility, it 

 has become the strongest in Austria, issuing a bi- 

 monthly association journal from the beginning. 

 Another strong local association which dates its be- 

 ginning as a society for agriculture back to 1770, is 



