240 France. 



or exercised only in long intervals, while otherwise silvi- 

 cultural practice is excellent, especially in the coppice. 

 Most valuable lessons may be had especially from 

 the experience in converting coppice into timber forest. 



At the International Congress of Silviculture, con- 

 vening in connection with the Universal Exposition 

 .in 1900, supposedly the best home talent was repre- 

 sented, but it cannot be said that anything new, or 

 striking, or promotive of the art or science transpired. 

 The desirability of establishing experiment stations 

 outside the one in existence at Nancy (established in 

 1882), and the desirability of constructing yield tables 

 still required arguments at this meeting. 



In the direction of forest organization, it is stated 

 by Clave that in 1860 only 900,000 acres of the State 

 domain were under a regulated management, namely 

 380,000 acres in timber forest and 520,000 in coppice 

 with standards, leaving about 1,500,000 acres at that 

 time still merely exploited. The same writer states 

 that of the corporation or communal forests hardly 

 any are under management for sustained yield, and 

 private forest management is not mentioned in this 

 connection Even to-day less than one-third of the 

 total area is under systematic control. In 1908 still, 

 about 14% of the State forests were without working 

 plans, and 15% in selection forest. 



The method of forest organization employed, out- 

 side of the crude determinations of a felling budget 

 in the selection forest, is an imitation of Cotta's com- 

 bined area and volume allotment, with hardly any 

 attempt of securing normality, introduced in 1825. 

 Characteristic, and differing from the German model, 



