Forest Organization. 241 



is the practice of actually collocating in each district 

 (canton) the periodic felling areas (affectations) on the 

 ground so as to secure a schematic felling series or 

 periodic block (series). This is done often at great 

 sacrifice. Lately, various, more pliable modifications 

 have come into vogue (methode de V affectation unique) 

 and freer methods (methode du quartier de regeneration) , 

 somewhat similar to Judeich's stand management, 

 are proposed. Altogether working plans, such as are 

 elaborated in Germany, are rare, and yield tables are 

 still looked upon by Huffel as doubtfully useful. 



The management of the State forests is extremely 

 conservative, large accumulations of old stock, the 

 holding over of one quarter for reserve, and high 

 rotations only apparently based on maximum vol- 

 ume production, since the statistical data are scanty 

 are characteristic. The opposite conditions appear 

 in the private forests. 



6. Education and Literature. 



In the earlier times the service established was as 

 we have seen, often, nay mostly in incompetent hands; 

 the offices of forestmasters were purchasable, were 

 given to courtiers as benefices, and became hereditary. 

 In all these, higher professional knowledge was un- 

 necessary. The ignorance of the subordinates was 

 as great as that of their German counterparts, but 

 lasted longer. Hardly any book literature on the 

 subject of forestry developed before the 19th century, 

 and educational institutions had to wait until long 

 past the beginning of that century. 



The first, and up to the present, only forest school, 



