RUSSIA AND FINLAND. 

 X 



While Germany and France were forced into the 

 adoption of forest policies through necessity, after the 

 natural woods had been largely destroyed or devas- 

 tated, Russia started upon a conservative forest 

 management, long before the day of absolute neces- 

 sity seemed to have arrived. 



Indeed, even to-day Russia is one of the largest and 

 increasingly growing exporter of forest products in 

 the world, its annual export having grown in the five 



Les Forets de la Russie, Ministere de I Agriculture, Paris Exposition Uni- 

 verselle, 1900, pp. 190, gives a very detailed description of forest conditions, 

 markets and management, with a few historic points. 



Russlands IVald, by F. v. Arnold, Berlin, 1893. pp. 526, contains historic 

 notes and a profuse discussion of the law of 1888. 



The Industries of Russia: Agriculture and Forestry, issued by the Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, Ministry of Crown Lands, at World's Columbian Exposition, 

 translated by J. M. Crawford, 1893, contains a chapter on Forestry by Roudzski 

 and Shafranov, professors at the Forest Institute, in 35 pp. 



Annual reports by the Russian Forest Administration are published since 1866. 



Four diffuse volumes, by John Croumbie Brown, treat of Russian conditions, 

 namely, 



Forests and Forestry in Poland, Lithuania, etc., 1885; 

 Finland, its Forests and Forest Management, 1883 ; 

 Forestry and Mining districts of the Ural Mountains, 1884 ; 

 Forests and Forestry of Northern Russia, 1884. 



Numerous articles and Reviews by 0. Gusk, scattered through the German 

 forestry journals, give insight into Russian forest conditions. 



An excellent idea of prevailing forestry practice can be gained from an ex- 

 tended article by Dr. Schwappach, Forstliche Reisebilder aus Russland in 

 Zeitschrift fiir Forst-und Jagdwesen, 1902. 



For Finland an article by B. Ericson in Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 

 1896, and another article by P. W. Hannikainen in Allgemeine Forst und 

 Jagdzeitung, 1892, both native foresters, give considerable information. 



Finland: Its Public and Private Economy, by N. C Frederiksen, 1902, 

 306 pp. 



