270 Russia. 



of $2 to $4 per acre as guarantee must be made before 

 cutting. This order has, however, remained mostly 

 a dead letter, the buyer preferring to allow his guaran- 

 tee to lapse. In 1906, there stood $3,000,000 to the 

 credit of this planting fund, and only half of it had 

 been applied. Meanwhile the unplanted area in- 

 creases, since natural regeneration generally proves 

 a failure. 



3. Education and Literature. 



The attempts at forestry education date back to 

 the year 1732 when a number of foresters were im- 

 ported from Germany to take charge of the forest 

 management as well as of the education of foresters, 

 each forstmeister having six pupils assigned to him. 

 This method failing to produce results, the interest 

 in ship timber suggested a course in forestry at the 

 Naval Academy, which was instituted in 1800. Soon 

 the need of a larger number of educated foresters led 

 to the establishment of several separate forest schools, 

 one at Zarskoye Selo (near St. Petersburg) in 1803, 

 another at Kozlovsk in 1805, and a third at St. 

 Petersburg in 1808. This latter under the name of 

 the Forest Institute absorbed the other two, and 

 from 1813 has continued to exist through many vicissi- 

 tudes. Now, with 15 professors and instructors and 

 an expenditure of nearly $250,000, and over 500 

 students, it is the largest forest school in the world. 

 It prepares in a four years' course for the higher 

 positions in the forest service. "The history of this 

 Forest Institute is practically the history of forestry 

 in Russia." 



