Education and Literature. 271 



A second school at Novo-Alexandria, near Warsaw, 

 was instituted in 1860. In these schools, as in the 

 methods of management, German influence is every- 

 where visible. 



In addition to these schools, chairs of forestry were 

 instituted in the Petrovsk School of Rural Economy 

 in Moskau and in the Riga Polytechnic Institute, 

 and also in seven intermediate schools of rural economy. 



In 1888, ten secondary schools were established 

 after Austrian pattern for the lower or middle service, 

 rangers and underforesters; their number, by 1900, 

 having been increased to 30 and, in 1908, to 33, with 

 460 students. These are boarding schools in the 

 woods, where a certain number of the students are 

 taught free of charge, the maximum number of those 

 admitted being 10 to 20 at each school. The course 

 is of two years' duration, and is mainly directed to 

 practical work and theoretical study in silviculture. 

 The total expense of such a school is about $3,300, 

 of which the State contributes $2,500, the total ex- 

 penditure, in 1908, being $84,134. 



A number of experiment stations were established 

 in various parts of the country by the Administration 

 of Crownlands, and a very considerable and advanced 

 literature testifies to the good education and activity 

 of the higher forest service. 



Two forestry journals, Lesnoj Journal (since 1870) 

 and Lessopromychlenny Vestnik, the first'bi-monthly, 

 the latter weekly, besides several lesser ones, keep 

 the profession informed. 



There are in existence several general societies for 

 the encouragement of silviculture. Probably the 



