272 Russia. 



oldest, which ceased to exist in 1850, was the Im- 

 perial Russian Society for the Advancement of Fores- 

 try which was founded in 1832. It published a 

 magazine and provided translations of foreign books, 

 among which the Forest Mathematics of the noted 

 German forester Konig, who also prepared yield 

 tables for the Society. (See p. 135.) A society of 

 professional foresters was founded at St. Petersburg 

 in 1871, another exists in Moscow, and recently two 

 associations for the development fo forest planting 

 in the steppes have been formed. 



Among the prominent writers and practitioners 

 there should be especially mentioned Theodor Kar- 

 lowitsch Arnold, who is recognized as the father of 

 Russian forestry. He was the soul of the forest organiz- 

 ation work, for which he drew up the instructions in 

 1845, and as professor, afterwards director, of the 

 Institute for Agronomy and Forestry at Moscow 

 since 1857, he became the teacher of most of the 

 present practitioners. Finally he became the head 

 of the forest department in the Ministry of Apanages 

 where he remained until his death in 1902. He is 

 the author of several classical works on silviculture, 

 forest mensuration, forest management, etc., and, 

 in conjunction with Dr. W. A. Tichonoff, published 

 an encyclopaedic work in three volumes. In the first 

 volume, Russland's Wald (1890), which has been 

 translated into German, the author makes an ex- 

 tended plea for improved forestry practice and de- 

 scribes and argues at length the provisions of the law 

 of 1888. In 1895, he published a history of forestry 



