Silvicultural Practice. 303 



Complete working plans are rare even for the State 

 forests, a mere summary felling budget being deter- 

 mined for most areas, the trees to be cut being marked. 



Under instructions issued in 1896, working plans 

 for the small proportion of State forest management 

 by clearing system are to be made. In these an area 

 allotment method is employed with rotations of 100 

 to 150 years. 



Forest fires are still very destructive, especially in 

 northern Sweden, although an effective patrol system, 

 greatly assisted in some provinces by watch towers, 

 has reduced the size of the areas burnt over. The 

 coniferous composition and the dry summers in the 

 northern part together with the methods of lumber- 

 ing are responsible for the conflagrations. In this 

 direction too, the activities of the Conservation 

 Boards have been highly useful. 



4. Education and Literature. 



Among the propagandist literature, which had ad- 

 vanced the introduction of forestry ideas in Sweden 

 it is proper to mention the writings of Israel Adolf 

 of Strom, who after extensive travels in Germany 

 established the first private forest school in 1823, 

 and was instrumental in securing the establishment 

 of the State Forest Institute in Stockholm (1828). 



In regard to education a most liberal policy pre- 

 vails. 



At the Institute the tuition is free and in addition 

 4 students receive scholarships of 250 dollars per 

 year; appointment to assistantships follows immedi- 

 ately after promotion, and in 10 years the position of 



