Forest Policy and Education. 313 



the costs of such restriction must be borne by the 

 municipalities as well as half the cost of inspection, 

 the other half being paid by the State. The pro- 

 cedure to determine the protective quality of forests 

 and the financial difficulty have left the law unused. 

 In 1878, however, a committee of private owners 

 formed itself, to fix the sand dunes, which with the 

 State subventions started work the following year. 



Many of the State forests are so burdened with 

 rights of user, which were granted to help in develop- 

 ing the country, that the financial results of the 

 forest administration and the conditions of the State 

 property are most unsatisfactory, and the application 

 of silviculture greatly circumscribed. 



The silvicultural system applied is most generally 

 the rough selection forest or an approach to group 

 system, relying upon voluntary reproduction en- 

 tirely. Management is much hampered by rights 

 of user to certain dimensions, and in the more distant 

 districts by the difficulty of disposing of any but the 

 best sizes. An orderly organization is still almost 

 unknown. The stumpage is sold and removed by the 

 buyer and the axe is still mainly used. 



Higher forest schools there are none , but three 

 schools for the lower grades had existed for some time, 

 the first having been established in 1875 at Kongsberg; 

 one of them was abandoned in 1889. Forestry is also 

 taught at two farm schools. 



Until recently the higher class foresters had to get 

 their education in Germany, or in the Swedish Forest 



