Organization. 399 



not directly acting as assistants in the Inspector-Gene- 

 ral's office, are the heads of the provincial departments 

 and conservatorships, and in that capacity directly sub- 

 ordinate to the local government, which in Madras and 

 Bombay also has their appointment; each is in charge 

 either of the entire forest business of the Province, or 

 of a circle forming part of a Province and the admin- 

 istration unit in India. These are, therefore, the 

 most influential and most responsible agents in in- 

 troducing forestry practices. Conservatorships are 

 divided into divisions, each in charge of a divisional 

 forest officer, a member of either the Imperial or the 

 Provincial Controlling Staff; but these have to ac- 

 knowledge subordination to the Chief Civil officer, the 

 Collector of the district in which they are located, in 

 order to harmonize the financial and forestal interests. 



About 80 per cent, of the Controlling Staff in the 

 Imperial Service are appointed by the Secretary of 

 State from graduates formerly from the forest school 

 at Cooper's Hill College, now Oxford, the remaining 

 20 per cent, from Englishmen in the provincial ser- 

 vice, the members of which have passed through the 

 Dehra Dun forest school and through the lower 

 branches of the service. In addition to this Superior 

 Staff, a Subordinate Staff of Extra Deputy Con- 

 servators and Extra Assistant Conservators forms 

 the Provincial Service, which is mainly recruited from 

 the natives. 



The districts are divided into ranges, for which an 

 Executive Service is organized, of rangers (over 400), 

 who are now selected from graduates of the forest 

 school in Dehra Dun. Deputy rangers and foresters, 



