Working Plans. 405 



yet worked under plans. In 1885, only 109 square 

 miles, in 1899, 20,000 square miles, and in 1903, 

 nearly 30,000 square miles, about 13 per cent, of the 

 total, or 30 per cent, of the reserved area, were oper- 

 ated under working plans, and each year about 4000 

 square miles are added, so that now (1909) over half 

 the reserved area is under working plans. 



Only gradually was the character of these plans 

 brought into practical form, and their execution, in 

 spirit at least, enforced, the Conservators having the 

 right to deviate from the plans. 



A map, prepared by the survey branch naturally 

 forms the basis of the plan. The form of the plan is 

 prescribed by the provincial regulations, and the 

 preparation is also carried on by the provincial ser- 

 vice under advice and supervision of the imperial de- 

 partment. The "strip valuation survey," which 

 Brandis introduced, covering sometimes as much as 

 30 per cent, of the area, is employed in determining 

 number of trees and sizes, growing stock and cut, 

 modeled after the European practice, except that little, 

 perhaps too little, money is spent on their elaboration, 

 especially on determining the proper amount of cut. 

 That the cut is controlled at all is the most important 

 result. 



6. Education and Literature. 



In 1866, Sir Dietrich Brandis selected as assistants 

 two young men who had been trained in the forest 

 schools of Germany in turn his successors and at 

 the same time arrangements were made for the train- 

 ing of young Englishmen in the Forest schools of 



