State Foresters and Forest Reservations. 497 



ally educated men displaced the merely political ap- 

 pointees, or were at least added to the commissions. 



The idea of State forests found expression, more or 

 less definitely, in setting aside forest reservations or 

 else in enabling the State to accept and administer 

 donations of forest lands. Among the States reco- 

 gnizing this principle were New Hampshire, Connecti- 

 cut, New Jersey, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, 

 Indiana, California. 



Where neither of these two principles had as yet 

 found application, at least some agency was estab- 

 lished to give advice and investigate or experiment in 

 matters of forest interests, and sometimes to offer 

 assistance to private woodland owners or planters, as 

 in Delaware, Ohio, North Carolina, etc. 



Meanwhile, largely through the influence and with 

 the co-operation of the federal Bureau of Forestry, 

 private owners had begun, if not to apply, at least to 

 study the possibility of the application of forestry to 

 their holdings. The Bureau prepared "working 

 plans" which were now and then followed in part, or 

 at least led to attempts at a more conservative method 

 of logging. Notably, various paper and pulp manu- 

 facturers realized the usefulness of more systematic 

 attention and conservative methods in the use of their 

 properties. In this connection the object lesson fur- 

 nished by Mr. G. K. Vanderbilt on his Biltmore 

 Estate in North Carolina, which was begun by Mr 

 Pinchot and conducted by Dr. C. A.. Schenck, a 

 German forester, requires special mention as the first, 

 and for nearly 20 years continued experiment in 

 applying forestry methods systematically in America. 



