HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWER POLLINATION 27 



1 0. France : Baillon, G. Bonnier, Clavaud, Grid, Duval-Jouve, Giard, Godron,Guignard, 



Magnin, Maur}', Roze. 



11. Switzerland: Dodel-Port. 



12. Italy: Arcangeli, Baroni, Beccari, Bonis, Buscalioni, Cobelli, Comes, Gibelli, 



Macchiati, Martelli, Mattel, Mori, Nicotra, Ottavi, Pasquale, Pedicino, 

 Pirotta, Ricasoli, Ricca, Savastano. 



13. North America: Bailey, Barnes, Beach, W. J. Beal, Bessey, Bush, Courtis, 



EUacombe, G. Engelmann, Foerste, Gentry, Greene, Halsted, Leggett, 

 Martindale, Meehan, Pammel, Patton, Potts, Pringle, Redfield, C. V. Riley, 

 Rusby, J. C. Russell, Schneck, C. J. Sprague, Todd, F. Ward, Webber, 

 C. Wright, and others. 



14. Tropical Regions: Balfour, Barber, Boissier, Evans, Faivre, Fitzgerald, Forbes, 



Gibbons, Greenleaf, Hartog, Haviland, Heckel, Hieronymus, Hunt, Irwin, 

 Kellermann, Lynch, Moore, Murray, Nicholson, Parish, Rusby, W. G. Smith, 

 Syme, Troop, E. Ule, F. Ward, Mansel Weale, Wright, and others. 



Before I close this short survey of the historical development of flower pollination, 

 I should like to mention a few other works in which the results of investigations 

 on flower pollination are brought together. 



That magnificent compilation, 'Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien' (the early 

 volumes of which were produced by Engler and Prantl together, but since the death 

 of the latter (1893) has been edited by Engler alone), uniformly gives information 

 as to the most important arrangements for pollination, in addition to the characters 

 of the families. 



The second volume of Anton Kerner von Marilaun's ' Natural History of Plants' 

 (Eng. Ed. I, London and Glasgow, 1895) is an instance of the combination of 

 scientific with popular presentation. The most important results of flower pollina- 

 tion are treated in the following chapters: Protection of Pollen; Dispersion of 

 Pollen by the Wind and by Animals ; Allurements of Animals ; The Colours of 

 Flowers as a means of attracting Animals; The opening of the Passage to the 

 Interior of the Flower; Reception of Flower-seeking Animals at the Entrance to 

 the Flower ; Taking up of Pollen by Insects ; Deposition of Pollen ; Crossing of 

 Flowers; and Autogamy. The comprehension of the subject is made easy even 

 for the lay mind by excellent illustrations. As a result of the above division, it is, 

 however, necessarily troublesome to get information on all the floral arrangements 

 of particular plants. 



The ' Lehrbuch der Biologic der Pflanzen' by F. Ludwig (Stuttgart, 1895) 

 brings together in its fourth division what is most important in flower pollination : 

 Hydrophily, Anemophily, Zoidiophily, as well as examples of floral adaptations 

 to the agents that eff'ect fertilization. 



The work already mentioned, ' Bliitenbiologische Floristik des mittleren und 

 nordlichen Europas sowie GrSnlands,' by E. Loew (Stuttgart, 1894), as stated in 

 the preface, summarizes in the briefest possible way all the researches in flower 

 pollination published between 1884 and 1894. It forms a supplement to the 

 pioneer works of Hermann MuUer, ' Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten ' 

 and ' Alpenblumen,' and therefore the descriptions of arrangements for pollination 

 contained in Miiller's books are not repeated, but are completed by newer 



