AUTOGAMY 



35 



a position that pollen can fall upon it : Verbascum Thapsus, species of Valerianella, 

 the non-twining species of Lonicera, Lilium Martagon, species of Oenothera and 

 Epilobium, Tricyrtes, Morina; various Scrophulariaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and 

 Ranunculaceae ; most Malvaceae. 



12. By curvature of the stigma: species of Galeopsis and Stachys, Pinguicula, 

 Utricularia. 



13. Towards the end of the period of maturity the filaments and the style 

 roll together in a spiral or screw-like way, getting tangled together, so that 

 pollen and stigma come into contact: Commelina coelestis, Allionia violacea, 

 Mirabilis Jalapa, Portulaca oleracea, Armeria vulgaris and alpina. 



14. Autogamy by shrinking, or spiral rolling back, of the branches of the 

 stigma : numerous Campanulaceae and still more numerous Juncaceae, Dianthus 

 glacialis and neglectus, Ballota nigra. 



15. Autogamy by the agency of petals in one of the following ways: 

 (i) anthers united to the inner side of the corolla, and the stigma comes into 

 contact with and receives pollen from them on the closing of the flower (Thymelaea 

 passerina) ; (2) anthers united with the inner side of the corolla, to begin with 

 at a lower level than the stigma, but ultimately reaching the same level by the growth 

 of the corolla (many Solanaceae and Gentianaceae ; some species of Euphrasia and 

 Rhinanthus) ; (3) the stigma is drawn through the falling corolla, so that it touches 

 the anthers still laden with pollen, or receives pollen that has adhered to the inner 

 side of the corolla (Rhododendron hirsutum; Digitalis, Anchusa, Cestrum, and 

 other Scrophulariaceae, Boraginaceae, and Solanaceae) ; (4) towards the end of the 

 period of maturity the petals execute movements, so that the pollen adhering to 

 their margins, surfaces, lobes, or folds, reaches the stigma either (a) without 

 elongation of the petals (Argemone, Hypecoum, Specularia), or (b) with elongation 

 of the petals (Gentiana asclepiadea, G. Pneumonanthe, Colchicum, Sternbergia, 

 Sisyrinchium, Crepis, Hieracium, Hypochaeris, Leontodon) ; (5) by actual bending 

 of the corolla at the end of the period of maturity, when either mealy pollen falls on 

 the stigma (Pedicularis incarnata, Oederi, foliosa, comosa, and recutita ; Melampyrum 

 sylvaticum), or else the anthers, covered with sticky pollen, come into contact with the 

 stigma (the climbing species of honeysuckle Lonicera Caprifolium, etrusca, and 

 Periclymenum). 



16. Towards the end of the period of maturity the pollen reaches the stigma as 

 the result of changes in the position and direction of the flower-stalk, while the 

 position and direction of the stamens, style, and stigma remain unchanged : Tulipa 

 sylvestris, Polemonium coeruleum, Saxifraga hieracifolia, Chrysosplenium alternifolium. 

 Rhododendron Chamaecistus, Vaccinium, Arctostaphylos, Cerinthe, Symphytum, 

 Cyclamen, Calceolaria Pavonii. 



17. Autogamy by correlated movements and curvings of flower-stalk, stamens, 

 and style : Ornithogalum nutans, Dryas octopetala ; Geum coccineum, montanum, 

 and reptans; Potentilla atrosanguinea and repens; Waldsteinia geoides, Adonis 

 vernalis; Anemone alpina and baldensis; Pyrola uniflora, Phygelius capensis, 

 Cobaea scandens. Allium Chamaemoly. 



18. Autogamy by correlated curving of the flower-stalk, and curving or folding 

 of the petals : species of Viola ; Gentiana acaulis, angustifolia, and Clusii. 



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