THE HIGHER CRYPTOGAMIA. 15 



of protoplasm radiate to the inner wall of the cell (PI. Ill, 

 fig. 6). The new nuclei, in Anthoceros lavis, usually con- 

 sist of a greenish substance ; in A.punciatus, of a colourless 

 substance, containing coarser particles. They doubtless 

 originate from the fact, that each of the accumulations of 

 protoplasm which clothe either pole of the primary nucleus, 

 has become rolled into a ball, and distinctly defined. Hie 

 layer of protoplasm which surrounds each of the newly 

 formed nuclei, often contains so many granules, that the 

 outlines of the latter are at first completely concealed, and 

 only become visible long after their first production. The 

 contrary, however, is frequently the case in both species. 

 The secondary nuclei are often without any solid substances 

 in their interior. Sometimes they contain a single large 

 nucleolus ; sometimes a larger number of granules, which, 

 becoming blue with iodine, indicate the existence of starch. 

 Late in the autumn, after the occurrence of the first frosts, 

 each of the secondarv nuclei is found, in manv of the fruits, 

 surrounded by a thin-walled, rather larger cell (PL III, 

 fig. 15). Fruits of this kind decay - without further de- 

 velopment : their state is one of disease. 



In more fully developed mother-cells lying nearer to the 

 apex of the fruit, the outlines of the secondary nuclei are hazy 

 and less defined. Ultimately two masses of granular proto- 

 plasm are found occupying their place, the limits of which 

 arc confluent with the surrounding layer of protoplasm 

 (PL III, figs. 7, 8). In the mother-cells immediately above, 

 each of these masses is divided into two sharply defined 

 globular balls, i. e., into two tertiary nuclei. Their position 

 at first is ordinarily decussate (PL III, fig. 9) ; at a later 

 period, they usually group themselves in a manner answer- 

 ing to the four corners of a tetrahedron. They are bound 

 together by thick strings of protoplasm ; thinner strings 

 of more finely granular, almost transparent protoplasm 

 proceed in greater or less numbers from each nucleus to 

 the inner wall of the cells (PL III, fig. 10). Up to this 

 point the primary nucleus of the cell has become continually 

 more transparent and paler; now, it and its nucleolus 

 have disappeared. Immediately thereupon the mother-cell 

 divides into four daughter-cells ; the special-mother- cells, 



