TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI 



VAGE 



mother-cells of Funaria hygrometrica, 167 ; formation of spores of 

 Funaria, 167, 168; fructification of Archidium phascoides, ]68 170; 

 its deviations from the ordinary type in mosses, 168, 169 ; its anthe- 

 ridia and spermatozoids and archegonia, 169 ; development of its 

 fruit, 169, 170 ; Schimper's explanation of the nature of the ripe fruit, 

 169, note ; germination of the spores of mosses, 170 175 ; production 

 of the pro-embryo, 171 174; Schimper's observations on the ger- 

 mination of spores of Sphagnum in water ; distinction of the pro-em- 

 bryos of mosses from the prothallia of ferns, 174, 175. Historical 

 resume: Hedwig's observations on the sexual reproduction of 

 mosses, 175, 176 ; development of the leafy axis from the pro-embryo 

 explained by Kageli, 176; Nageli's results extended by Schimper, 176 ; 

 Unger the discoverer of spermatozoids in mosses, 176, 177; indica- 

 tion of spermatozoids in the observations of Bischoff, Schmidel, and 

 Nees von Esenbeck, 176, note ; Schleiden's erroneous statement re- 

 garding the structure of the antheridia refuted by Schimper, ] 77 ; 

 Schimper's observations on the archegonia of mosses, 177 ; Valen- 

 tine's description of the rudimentary cell of the moss-fruit, 177 179 ; 

 development of the moss-capsule first accurately described by Von 

 Mohl, 179 ; observations on the development of the fruit and spores 

 of mosses, by Bischoff, Von Mohl, and Lantzius-Beninga, 179, 180; 

 Bruch's observations, 180; abnormal fruits observed by Gumbel, 180, 

 181 ; possibility of hybridization suggested by Bayrhoffer, 181. 



CHAPTER VII. 



FERNS 182 



Their germination, 182 185 ; the first rootlet, 183 ; formation of the 

 prothallium, 183 185 ; the turning away of the prothallium from the 

 light, 183 ; formation of antheridia, 185, 186 ; differences in prothallia 

 and antheridia of certain Polypodiacese, 186, 187; Wigaud ou the 

 occurrence of spermatozoids and their mother-cells in vegetative cells 

 of the prothallium, 187, note ; cell-development in the antheridia, 188 ; 

 production of spermatozoids, 388, 189; observations of authors on 

 the spermatozoids of ferns, 189, note; production of the archegonia, 

 189 197; number and position of the archegonia, 192, 193; pro- 

 duction of the germinal vesicle, 193 ; abortive nature of most of the 

 archegonia on a prothallium, 195, 196 ; growth of sterile prothallia of 

 ferns, 196, 197 ; production of shoots by abortive prothallia, 197; great 

 number of antheridia produced by shoots of prothallia, 197 ; pecu- 

 liarities of old abortive prothallia of Gymnogramma chrysophylla, 197, 

 198 ; impregnation of the archegonia, 198, 199 ; development of the 

 archegonia after impregnation, 198 201 ; production of the embryo, 

 200, 201; development of the embryo, 201207; formation of 

 the first frond, 202, 203 ; the first root of the young fern, 203205 ; 

 adhesion of the embryo to the prothallium, 205, 206 ; influence of the 

 growth of the embryo upon cell-multiplication in the prothallium, 206, 

 207 ; Von Mercklin's supposed observation of dark striped vessels in 

 the prothallium, 207, note; development of the second frond, 207 ; 

 Fteris aquilina and Aspidiumfilix-mas examples of two extreme types of 

 growth, 208 ; vegetation of Fteris aquilina, 208226; growth of the 



