THE HIGHER CRYPTOGAMIA. 75 



figs. 2, 4) but not normal (PI. X, fig. 3). Henceforth, the 

 number of the cells of the rudimentary fruit, in the direc- 

 tion of the longitudinal axis, is increased ; at first exclu- 

 sively by repeated contemporaneous division of its four apical 

 cells by means of horizontal transverse septa at right 

 angles to the axis of the fruit. 



This kind of cell-multiplication shows itself in the 

 most simple form in the few-celled rudimentary fruit 

 of J, divaricata. Its apical cells contain colourless muci- 

 lage, rendered turbid by numerous large and small gra- 

 nules ; the interstitial cells are coloured deep grey-green 

 by numerous small chlorophyll-granules (PI. VII, figs. 

 13, 19). After the transverse division of the four apical 

 cells has been repeated eight or ten times, the longi- 

 tudinal growth of the fruit is completed (PI. VII, fig. 20). 

 The double pair of cells which now forms the apex of the 

 clavate rudimentary fruit, then remains for the first time 

 unaltered ; the three next, on the other hand, divide into 

 inner and outer ones by means of septa parallel to the lon- 

 gitudinal axis of the fruit, and cutting the side walls at 

 an angle of 45 (PI. VII, fig. 20). The outer cells become 

 the wall of the capsule ; further divisions take place in 

 each of them by means of longitudinal and transverse septa 

 perpendicular to the free outer surface. The wall of the 

 capsule shortly before it bursts usually has twenty-four cells 

 in its circumference, and eight cells in its height ; the cells 

 being of an oblong tabular shape. By a series of divisions, 

 occurring principally in radial and tangential directions, 

 the inner cells become transformed, partly into rows of 

 mother-cells, and partly into elaters. The elaters in 

 /. divaricata, as in all true Jungermannise and also in 

 Padula, extend horizontally from the inner wall of the 

 capsule to the longitudinal axis. In all these the inner 

 tissue of the capsule, from which the spores and elaters 

 are formed, consists, from the moment of the differentia- 

 tion of the capsule-wall from its contents, of a short slightly 

 distended columella, formed of a double pair of cells, with 

 a quadrantal basal outline (PI. XI, fig. 6). The first divi- 

 sions of the latter cells take place by septa perpendicular 

 to the longitudinal axis of the fruit alternating with others 



